Displaying items by tag: CRH

Romania: CRH has launched a wind farm to supply renewable electricity to its Medgidia cement plant. The wind farm comprises five turbines with a total capacity of 30MW and is expected to generate 80GWh/yr. Now fully operational, the facility can reduce the CO₂ footprint of the cement produced at the plant and contribute to reducing Romania's energy-related CO₂ emissions by 40,000t/yr.

CRH, formerly Cement Roadstone Holdings, announced this week that CEO Albert Manifold is retiring at the end of 2024. He will be replaced by current chief financial officer Jim Mintern in the role. Manifold will continue to work as an advisor to CRH in 2025. Manifold’s time at the head of CRH marks a decade of considerable change at the group. Crudely, CRH had a market capitalisation of US$19bn at the start of 2014 when Manifold became CEO. At the end of 2023 the group’s market capitalisation was US$50bn.

From a cement sector perspective the big events during Manifold’s tenure include CRH’s acquisition of assets around the world from the Lafarge-Holcim merger in 2015, the purchase of Ash Grove Cement in the US in 2018, the divestment of various businesses in emerging markets and the move of the company’s primary listing to the New York Stock Exchange in 2023. However, at the same time, CRH has been constantly sharpening its portfolio. So, for example, the group bought Germany-based lime and aggregates company Fels in 2017 only to later sell off its European lime business in 2023 and 2024. In the late 2010s the group sold off its US and Europe-based distribution businesses. Then, in 2022, it divested its Building Envelope business. Manifold was also the inaugural president of the Global Cement and Concrete Association (GCCA) when it formed in 2018.

Fairly or unfairly, CRH has given the sense over the last decade of often being ahead of the curve in following the cement markets. After it increased its portfolio when Lafarge and Holcim merged, it sold up relatively quickly in India and Brazil. Famously during an earnings call for CRH’s second quarter results in 2019, Manifold said that the group was prioritising its businesses in the developed world. CRH’s focus on the US in the late 2010s through the acquisition of Ash Grove Cement set it up well for the current strength of the cement market in North America, long before others joined the party. Another striking Manifold statement came at the company’s annual general meeting in 2023 when, in the run-up to the US listing move, he described his company as a ‘de facto’ American company.

Things that may have gone less well for Manifold on the cement side, that we know about, include CRH’s quiet attempt to divest its business in the Philippines in the late 2010s. The company wasn’t alone in trying through. Holcim publicly said that it had signed a deal to sell its local business in 2019 only to declare that it wasn’t happening the following year. Cemex is currently in the process of selling its subsidiary in the country, DMCI Holdings, but it hasn’t concluded yet. More recent acquisitions such as assets from Martin Marietta Materials in Texas in early 2024 and a majority stake in Adbri in Australia are clearly strategic and fit the definition of ‘bolt-on’ but they seem to lack the grand ambition of the earlier big deals.

Questions have also been asked about Manifold’s pay over the years. From 2016 onwards the Institutional Shareholder Services (ISS), for example, has repeatedly raised concerns about executive pay rises at CRH and recommended on occasion that shareholders reject them. Manifold became the highest paid head of an Irish public company and was reportedly the third highest paid CEO on the Financial Times Stock Exchange 100 Index (FTSE 100) in 2022. His response from one interview with the Irish Times newspaper in 2018 was simply: “I’m employed and paid very well to deliver shareholder returns.”

Looking back over the last decade, CRH was well placed to take advantage of the Lafarge-Holcim merger before Manifold started in 2014 but once he was in place it went for it and he led the charge. Yet, the Ash Grove Cement acquisition may prove to be the more momentous move given the current divergence of the European and North American markets. As readers may remember from the time, Summit Materials made a public counter offer but it was rebuffed. Albert Manifold was in charge of CRH and so he takes the credit. These are big shoes to fill. As Richie Boucher, the chair of CRH said in Manifold’s outgoing statement, “Under Albert’s leadership CRH has delivered superior growth and performance with consistently improving profitability, cash generation and returns.”

Ireland: CRH has appointed Jim Mintern as its next CEO. He will start in 2025 following the retirement of the current CEO, Albert Manifold, who plans to retire at the end of 2024. Manifold will continue as an advisor to CRH until the end of 2025.

Mintern is currently CRH’s Chief Financial Officer and has been a director of its board since mid-2021. He holds over 30 years of experience in the building materials industry and has worked for CRH for 22 years in various management positions. Mintern joined CRH in 2002 as the Finance Director for Roadstone and other postings since then have included Country Manager for Ireland, Managing Director of each of the Western and Eastern regions of the group’s Europe Materials Division and Chief of Staff to the CEO. He also led the transition of CRH’s primary listing to the New York Stock Exchange. Mintern is a graduate from University College Dublin with degrees in accounting and commerce.

Richie Boucher, the chair of CRH said “CRH has made enormous progress thanks to Albert’s clear vision and his leadership of a talented, hard-working team.” He continued, “Under Albert’s leadership CRH has delivered superior growth and performance with consistently improving profitability, cash generation and returns.”

Ukraine: The Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine (AMCU) has approved CRH Ukraine's acquisition of over 50% of the voting shares in Dyckerhoff Cement Ukraine. This move is part of a broader agreement that includes anti-competitive measures to be implemented within 24 months post-transaction. CRH Ukraine will acquire a 99.9775% stake in Dyckerhoff, with expectations for the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development to potentially join as an investor following a mandate signed in December 2023. 

France: Eqiom has awarded Fives FCB a contract to upgrade its cement grinding plant at Héming. The project involves integrating an FCB TSV 4000 TSF Classifier and an FCB TGT Filter with the existing milling circuit at the unit operating by the subsidiary of Ireland-based CRH. The upgrade is intended to reduce the plant’s clinker factor, improve the quality of the cements produced, offer the option of manufacturing cements with higher fineness and reduce energy consumption. The new equipment is expected to be tied-in during the plant’s annual mill shutdown in 2025, with commissioning to follow.

Europe: CRH has finalised the sale of its lime operations across Europe for US$1.1bn. The transaction concluded with the divestment of the group’s operations in Poland.

The mountainous eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea and its hinterlands in Europe’s Balkan Peninsula have one of the world’s highest densities of countries: six, across a broad equilateral triangle of 212,000km². All six states – Albania, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia – are historically characterised by political non-alignment, carrying over from the Cold War period, and all the more notable for the presence of the EU to the north (Croatia, Hungary and Romania) and east (Bulgaria and Greece).

A nine-plant, 9Mt/yr local cement sector serves the 16.8m-strong population of the unconsolidated ‘bloc.’ Albania has 2.8Mt/yr (31%), Serbia 2.7Mt/yr (30%), Bosnia & Herzegovina 1.6Mt/yr (18%), North Macedonia 1.4Mt/yr (15%) and Kosovo 500,000t/yr (6%), while Montenegro has no cement capacity – for now. Altogether, this gives this quarter of South East Europe a capacity per capita of 539kg/yr. The industry consists entirely of companies based outside of the region. Albania’s two plants are Lebanese and Greek-owned (by Seament Holding and Titan Cement Group respectively). Titan Cement Group also controls single-plant Kosovo and North Macedonia, and competes in the Serbian cement industry alongside larger and smaller plants belonging to Switzerland-based Holcim and Ireland-based CRH, respectively. Lastly, Bosnia & Herzegovina’s capacity is shared evenly between Germany-based Heidelberg Materials and Hungary-based Talentis International Construction, with one plant each.

Lafarge Srbija, Holcim's subsidiary in Serbia, announced plans for its second plant in the country, at Ratari in Belgrade, last week. No capacity has yet emerged, but the plant will cost €110m, making something in the region of the country’s existing 0.6 – 1.2Mt/yr plants seem likely. This would give Serbia over a third of total capacity in the Central Balkans and twice the number of plants of any other country there, expanding its per-capita capacity by 22 – 44%, from a regionally low 408kg/yr to 500 – 590kg/yr.

In announcing the upcoming Ratari cement plant, Lafarge Srbija laid emphasis on its sustainability. The plant will use 1Mt/yr of ash from the adjacent Nikola Tesla B thermal power plant as a raw material in its cement production. In this way, it will help to clear the Nikola Tesla B plant’s 1600 hectare ash dumps, from which only 180,000t of ash was harvested in 2023. Circularity has been front and centre of Holcim’s discussions of its growth in Serbia for some time. When Lafarge Srbija acquired aggregates producer Teko Mining Serbia in 2022, the group indicated that the business would play a part in its development of construction and demolition materials (CDM)-based cement and concrete.

Holcim’s Strategy 2025 growth plan entails bolt-on acquisitions in ‘mature markets,’ backed by strategic divestments elsewhere. Other companies have been more explicit about a realignment towards metropolitan markets, above all in North America, at a time when they are also diversifying away from cement and into other materials. Just why a leading producer should look to build cement capacity in Serbia warrants investigation.

Serbia is the only Central Balkan member of Cembureau, the European cement association. In a European market report for 2022, the association attributed to it the continent’s fastest declining cement consumption (jointly with Slovakia), down by 11% year-on-year. Like the rest of Europe, Serbia is also gradually shrinking, its population dwindling by 0.7% year-on-year to 6.62m in 2023, which limits hopes for a longer-term recovery. Serbia remains the largest country in the Central Balkans, with 39% of the total regional population.

Several factors have compounded Serbia’s difficulties as a cement-producing country. Firstly, like the Nikola Tesla B thermal power plant, its kilns run on coal. 50% of this coal originated in Russia and Ukraine in 2021, causing the entire operation to become ‘imperilled’ after the former’s brutal invasion of the latter in February 2022, according to the Serbian Cement Industry Association. In planning terms, this was a case of putting half one’s eggs in two baskets – and dropping them both.

Secondly, Serbia’s choice of export markets is mainly confined to either the EU or global markets via the River Danube, Black Sea and Mediterranean. Either way, it is in competition with a cement exporting giant: Türkiye. Serbia sold €19.7m-worth of cement in the EU in 2023, up by 63% over the three-year period since 2020 – 31% behind Türkiye’s €28.8m (more than double its 2020 figure).¹ One other Central Balkan country had a greater reliance on the EU market: Bosnia & Herzegovina. It exported €48.4m-worth of cement there, quadruple its 2020 figure and behind only China (€133m) and the UK (€54.7) in cement exports to the bloc by value.

Bosnia & Herzegovina’s cement industry underwent a different permutation at the start of 2024: an acquisition, replacing one EU-based player with another. Lukavac Cement, which operates the 800,000t/yr Lukavac cement plant in Tuzla, changed hands from Austria-based building materials producer Asamer Baustoffe to Hungary-based property developer Talentis International Construction. Talentis International Construction belongs to one of Hungary’s major family-owned conglomerates, Mészáros Csoport.

Besides Central Europe, Balkan countries have found a ready source of investments in the past decade in China. In construction alone, Chinese investments total €13.2bn in Serbia, €2.4bn in Bosnia & Herzegovina, €915m in Montenegro and €650m in North Macedonia.² This can be a booster shot to all-important domestic cement markets, but has some risks. Montenegro previously faced bankruptcy after Export-Import Bank of China began to call in an €847m loan for construction of the still upcoming A1 motorway in the country’s Northern Region. This did not put off the Montenegrin government from signing a new memorandum of understanding (MoU) with China-based Shandong Foreign Economic and Technical Cooperation and Shandong Luqiao Group for construction of a new €54m coast road in the Coastal Region in mid-2023.

In Montenegro, UK-based private equity firm Chayton Capital is currently funding a feasibility study for a partly state-owned cement plant and building materials complex at the Pljevlja energy hub in the Northern Region. Along with an upgrade to the existing Pljevlja coal-fired power plant, the project will cost €700m.

In 2026, EU member states will begin to partly tax third-country imports of cement and other products against their specific CO₂ emissions, progressing to the implementation of a 100% Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) by 2034. Montenegro led the Central Balkans’ preparations for the EU’s CBAM roll-out with the introduction of its own emissions trading system in early 2021. Bosnia & Herzegovina will follow its example by 2026, but other countries in the region have struggled to conceive of the arrangement except as part of future EU accession agreements.

Based on the average specific CO₂ emissions of cement produced in the EU, the World Bank has forecast that exporters to the bloc will be disadvantaged if their own specific emissions exceed 5.52kg CO₂eq/€.³ By contrast, any figure below this ought to offer an increased competitive edge. Albanian cement has average emissions of 4.71kg CO₂eq/€, 15% below ‘biting point’ and 13% below Türkiye’s 5.39CO₂eq/€. Albania’s government consolidated its anticipated gains by quintupling the coal tax for 2024 to €0.15/kg. The figure is based on the International Monetary Fund’s recommended minimum CO₂ emissions tax of €55.80/t, 21% shy of the current EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) credit price of €70.49/t.⁴

The Central Balkans is a region of apparently slow markets and industry growth regardless – to 11 cement plants, following the completion of current and upcoming projects. A recurrent theme of capital expenditure investments and the way investors talk about them may help to explain this: sustainability. Looking at the mix of technologies in the current nine plants, these include wet kilns and fuels lines built for conventional fossil fuels. This is not to presume that any given plant might not be happy with its existing equipment as is. Nonetheless, the overall picture is of a set of veteran plants with scope to benefit from the kind of investments which all four global cement producers active in the region are already carrying out elsewhere in Europe. Such plans may already be in motion. In late 2023, Titan Cement Group’s North Macedonian subsidiary Cementarnica Usje secured shareholder approval to take two new loans of up to €27m combined.

As the latest news from Serbia showed, taking care of existing plants does not preclude also building new ones. The cement industry of the Central Balkans is finding its position in the new reduced-CO₂ global cement trade – one in which old and new work together.

References

1. Trend Economy, ‘European Union – Imports and Exports – Articles of cement,’ 28 January 2024, https://trendeconomy.com/data/h2/EuropeanUnion/6810#

2. American Enterprise Institute, 'China Global Investment Tracker,' 3 February 2024 https://www.aei.org/china-global-investment-tracker/

3. World Bank Group, ‘Relative CBAM Exposure Index,’ 15 June 2023, https://www.worldbank.org/en/data/interactive/2023/06/15/relative-cbam-exposure-index

4. Ember, 'Carbon Price Tracker,' 26 August 2024, https://ember-climate.org/data/data-tools/carbon-price-viewer/

Ukraine: CRH Ukraine has announced plans to purchase a 99.9775% stake in Dyckerhoff Cement Ukraine, which operates two cement plants in the Rivne and Mykolayiv regions, according to Business World Magazine. The notification was made public on 12 August 2024, detailing the acquisition of over 158 million shares. Currently, CRH and its affiliates do not hold any shares in Dyckerhoff Cement Ukraine.

Votorantim Cimentos released its half-year results this week giving us the opportunity to assess how well some of the larger cement producers are doing so far 2024. The general picture from the western multinational cement companies has been one of sluggish sales in the first half of the year but respectable earnings. So, for example, both Holcim and CRH were reporting static sales or revenue but earnings increases of over 10%. Heidelberg Materials and Cemex noted similar situations.

Graph 1: Sales revenue for selected multinational cement producers in the first half of 2024 and the first half of 2023. Source: Company financial reports.

Holcim was keen to play up that its net sales actually rose on a local currency basis. However, its recurring earnings before interest and taxation definitely rose, by 12% year-on-year to €2.33bn. Net sales were down in both North America and Europe, the group’s main two regions, but earnings were strong in both. Sales revenue for cement and aggregates may have been down across the group but earnings were up sharply. No such luck for ready-mixed concrete though, with both sales and earnings down overall. Another trend to watch is that sales and earnings were both up in the group’s Solutions & Products division. This part of the business has been growing due to merger and acquisition activity, and it is nearly the group’s second largest division after Europe.

CRH reported similar things overall. However, it has been busy selling off its Europe-based lime business, finishing the acquisition of its new assets in Texas and buying a majority stake in Australia-based AdBri. Its Americas Materials Solutions division reported both increasing revenues and earnings in the second quarter of 2024, at least, and the acquisitions in Texas helped too. Revenue in its Europe Materials Solutions division fell by 5% on an organic basis and this was blamed on subdued markets in Western Europe and poor weather.

Heidelberg Materials had a tougher time of it in the first half of 2024, with revenue down by 5% to around €10bn. It attributed the falling revenue to decreasing sales volumes across all business lines. It described its second quarter as follows, “The pressure on volumes is largely attributable to prolonged weak activity in the construction industry and adverse weather conditions in individual core markets. Active cost and price management largely offset the impact.” For clinker and cement this was noticed prominently in Europe despite volumes increasing in North America and Asia-Pacific. However, its result from current operations rose slightly. One reason for this appeared to be a ‘significant’ fall in material costs including energy.

Similarly, Cemex’s net sales were flat but its operating earnings were positive. Drilling down between its main geographical markets revealed a strong market in Mexico, a stable one in the US and declines in Europe, Middle East, and Africa (EMEA). In the US Cemex apportioned falls in cement and ready-mix concrete sales volumes to “...difficult weather conditions, a softening residential sector, portfolio rationalisation, competitive dynamics in certain micro markets and timing of several large projects.” Operating earnings were also hit by higher maintenance costs. In its EMEA region the trend was downwards but this was due to volume declines in Western Europe and geopolitical issues in the Middle East.

Votorantim Cimentos’ net revenue and adjusted earnings were down slightly in the first half of 2024 stemming from softer results in North America and Brazil in the first quarter. Revenue in Brazil was flat for the half year after a better second quarter. Revenue in North America though was hit by a slowdown in demand although price rises staved off some of this. Meanwhile, the group’s Europe, Africa and Asia region reported higher revenue due to higher volumes in most places.

Finally, UltraTech Cement is the odd company out in this group. The size of its annual revenue earns it a place in the list but it is more like some of the large China-based cement companies because it mostly sticks to one territory: India in this case. Yet, its revenue rose by nearly 6% to €4.2bn in the first half of 2024, making it the best performer in this article’s grouping. Domestic sales volumes increased at a similar rate in the April - June 2024 quarter. Similar to Heidelberg Materials, UltraTech Cement also reported that its energy costs fell by 17% year-on-year mainly due to reduced fuel prices. Its profit didn’t grow by much especially but the company is racing against Adani Cement to build capacity. It added 8.7Mt/yr alone in the April - June 2024 period compared to 13.3Mt/yr in its entire 2024 financial year that ended in March 2024.

The picture from the companies covered above suggests that the US market may have cooled for some since 2023. Despite this the earnings have mostly held up and cement companies enthusiasm for the market remains high led by Holcim’s impending market spin-off. Europe has been mixed, with declines in the west and stronger markets towards the east. Energy costs have finally fallen following the market shock when Russia invaded Ukraine in 2022 and this is helping earnings. That last point may be universal here given that it has affected both western multinationals and a large regional player such as UltraTech Cement. That’s it for now. In a future week Global Cement Weekly will take a look at how well the large China-based cement companies have done in so far in 2024.

US: CRH has announced its financial results for the second quarter of 2024. Revenue was US$9.7bn, down by 1% year-on-year, net income was US$1.3bn, up by 8% year-on-year, and adjusted earnings before interest, taxation, depreciation and amortisation (EBITDA) were US$2.3bn, up by 12%. CRH raised its 2024 financial year guidance, projecting net income increase to US$3.85bn from the previous figure of US$3.7bn and an adjusted EBITDA increase from US$6.82bn to US$7.02bn.

Albert Manifold, chief executive of CRH, said "We are pleased to report another period of further profit growth and margin expansion for CRH. Reflecting the strength of our financial performance, the positive underlying momentum in our business as well as the positive contribution from recent portfolio activity, we are raising our guidance and remain well positioned to deliver another record year in 2024."