Displaying items by tag: Syria

To mark the end of the calendar year we’re going to round up some of the major news stories from the cement industry in 2017. Like last year this piece also complements the corresponding article ‘The global cement industry in 2017’ in the December 2017 issue of Global Cement Magazine. Remember, this is just one view of the year's events. If you think we've missed anything important let us know via LinkedIn, Twitter or This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it..

Recovery in Europe
2017 was the year that the European cement industry finally had something to shout about after a lost decade since the financial crash of 2007. The good news was led by a revival in cement consumption in 2016 that looks set to have continued in 2017. Prospects in Germany and Spain feel similar and a series of mergers and acquisitions have taken place in Italy suggesting that investors believe that the market is about to recover there too. Sure, Brexit is looming but as contacts have told Global Cement staff throughout the year, if the British want to damage their economy, that’s their business.

Renewal and recrimination at LafargeHolcim
Lafarge’s conduct in Syria during the civil war has cost its successor company LafargeHolcim dear, with the loss of its chief executive officer (CEO) Eric Olsen and potential reputational damage if the on-going investigation in Paris finds fault. At the time of writing Olsen, former Lafarge CEO Bruno Lafont and the former deputy managing director for operations Christian Herraul are all being questioned by the inquiry into the affair as it attempts to determine who knew what and when. LafargeHolcim has drawn a line under the debacle by appointing outsider Jan Jenisch as its new CEO in mid-2017. He has made changes to the group’s management structure that were announced this week but has he done enough? If anything truly ‘explosive’ emerges from the investigation, the question for anyone across the world buying LafargeHolcim’s products may be whether or not they want to finance extremism through their purchase.

US doesn’t build wall but does okay anyway
The US Portland Cement Association (PCA) may keep downgrading its forecasts of cement consumption growth but the local industry is doing fairly well anyway. All sorts of cement producers with a presence in the US have benefited from the market, despite extreme weather events like Hurricane Irma. President Donald Trump may not have delivered on his infrastructure development promises or built his fabled wall yet but his recently-approved tax reforms are likely to benefit the profits of cement producers. The decision by Ireland’s CRH to buy Ash Grove Cement in September 2017 may remove the largest domestically-owned producer from US hands but it shows confidence in the market and heralds the continued creeping growth of the building materials company into an international empire.

South America shows promise… just don’t mention Brazil
Countries like Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela may not be performing to expectations but other countries south of the Darian Gap, have been growing their respective cement industries. The leader here is Argentina that is riding a full-scale construction boom with capital investment chasing it from the producers. Bolivia is following a decade of growth although this may be starting to slow somewhat. Chile appears to be realigning itself to take in more exports. And finally, Brazil may also be starting to return to growth too. Although cement sales were continuing to fall year-on-year in the first nine months of 2017 the rate has been slowing. Local producer Votorantim also reported improved market conditions at home.

India stares into the demand gap
UltraTech Cement finally managed to buy six cement plants and five grinding plants from Jaiprakash Associates for US$2.5bn in 2017. The acquisition marked the end of the long-running deal between the companies and what may be a new phase in further integration in the Indian industry. In September 2017 the Cement Manufacturers Association (CMA) complained that the sector had 100Mt/yr of excess production capacity out of a total 425Mt/yr. The government’s demonetisation policy sank cement production growth in late 2016 and production has struggled to improve since then. Some estimates expect growth to return in around 2020 as the demand gap shrivels. Further merger and acquisition activity can only help until then, although the current government flip-flopping over a petcoke ban and import duties may get in the way.

China restructures with an eye on overseas market
As discussed last week the mind-bogglingly massive merger between China National Building Material (CNBM) and China National Materials (Sinoma) is proceeding with the press equivalent of radio silence. If one trusts the company figures then the largest cement producer in the world will get even bigger following completion. Once the big Chinese producers start building lots of overseas plants then the implications of combining a major producer with a major plant builder may become clear outside of China. Alongside this the buzzword on the Chinese cement company balance sheets this year have been a major rollout of co-processing at plants and a policy of ‘peak shifting’ or simply shutting off production at selected plants in the winter months. Somehow despite all of this the official figures suggest that cement production is still growing in China.

The African mega deal that wasn’t
The prospective bidding war for South Africa’s PPC has turned out to be a bust. A low offer was made in September 2017 by a Canadian investment firm with the aim of merging PPC with local rival AfriSam. Vague expressions of interest from the usual suspects followed over the following months before everything fizzled out. What the dickens was going on? A difference of opinion between the board and shareholders? A poor market in South Africa giving everyone the jitters? If any readers know, please get in touch. PPC’s poor showing at home mirrors Dangote Cement’s travails. Both companies have suffered domestically whilst going full tilt elsewhere in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Indonesia about to pick up?
And finally, a report from Fitch Ratings this week suggests that growth in Indonesia is set to pick up once again. The market dragged down HeidelbergCement’s mid-year financial results as cement consumption dropped in the same period. Like India, Indonesia faces a consumption-capacity mismatch. However, with annual consumption poised to grow at over 6%, the time to close that gap will narrow. Some good news to end the year with.

Global Cement Weekly will return on 3 January 2018. In the meantime Merry Christmas and a have Happy New Year!

France: Bruno Lafont, the former chief executive officer (CEO) of Lafarge, has been questioned in an investigation into the company’s conduct in Syria. Lafont was interviewed, as well as the former human resources chief Eric Olsen and former deputy managing director for operations Christian Herrault, according to sources quoted by Agence France Presse.

The investigation is attempting to determine whether LafargeHolcim’s predecessor company Lafarge Syria paid terrorist groups in Syria and how much managers knew about the situation. Lafont was the CEO of Lafarge during the period the inquiry is examining. Olsen later became CEO of LafargeHolcim but resigned after the completion of an internal review into the affair in April 2017, despite not being found personally culpable or even aware of the situation.

Syria: A report into the alleged activities of Lafarge Syria, now part of LafargeHolcim, claims that the company paid a total of US$5.6m to a number of local factions in Syria, including to the Islamic State group, between July 2012 and September 2014. The report by the US consultant Baker McKenzie in collaboration with PricewaterhouseCoopers was first reported upon by the French satirical weekly Le Canard enchaîne (The Chained Duck).

According to Le Canard enchaîne, a large portion of the payments were paid to ensure the safety of local staff and the free movement of Lafarge trucks, often blocked by fighters at checkpoints. Groups were also reportedly paid as suppliers, as they controlled access to heavy fuel oil or certain raw materials in part of the region. The document prepared by Baker McKenzie states that the Islamic State group could have collected at least US$500,000. The French Ministry of the Economy took legal action in 2016 on possible offenses committed by the cement group Lafarge by operating a plant in Syria, despite EU bans.

LafargeHolcim has maintained its stance that it ‘deeply regrets and condemns the unacceptable mistakes made in Syria’ and states that it called a central investigation as soon as it became aware of the irregularities. On 14 November 2017, police raided LafargeHolcim's offices in Paris and those of its 9.4% shareholder Groupe Bruxelles Lambert (GBL) in Brussels, Belgium. An investigation into the activities continues.

France: French investigators have interviewed three former Lafarge Syria workers as part of an inquiry in to the company’s conduct in Syria. A computer worker, an engineer and packing line worker at one of the company’s cement plants travelled from Syria to be questioned, according to the Agence France Presse. The trio are the first witnesses to be called by the judicial inquiry that started in June 2017. It is investigating whether the subsidiary of Lafarge indirectly paid armed groups, including the ‘Islamic State’ group, to keep its plant during the Syrian Civil War.

Switzerland: Eric Olsen, the chief executive officer of LafargeHolcim, has denied that his departure from the group is connected to payments to armed groups in Syria. Olsen announced his resignation following a review into a conduct of a cement plant in Syria, according to the Associated Press. However, he was found not responsible or even aware of the misconduct. Olsen told reporters at the publication of the group’s first quarter financial results that his decision to leave was not related to Syria but he did acknowledge ‘tensions’ at the company. LafargeHolcim hopes to have recruited a replacement for Olsen by the end of 2017.

LafargeHolcim’s investigation into its conduct in Syria claimed its biggest scalp so far this week with the shock resignation of chief executive officer (CEO) Eric Olsen. His decision landed with the publication of the group’s investigation into the conduct of the legacy Lafarge operations in the country in 2013 and 2014. As per the initial findings of the investigation that were released in March 2017, it confirmed that selected personnel had engaged in dealings with terrorists in connection to one of its cement plants in the country during 2013 until the unit closed in September 2014. The board decided that Olsen had no connection or even awareness of the misconduct. However, he decided to quit anyway in order to restore ‘serenity’ to the company.

In its latest public statement on the investigation, LafargeHolcim outlines five weaknesses with its compliance led by improper payments related to Lafarge Syria’s security and supply chain. It then goes on to list a failure of line management, inadequate controls over expenses and a failure to detect improper payments and improperly recorded payments. It’s all presented as ‘chaos reigned’ or wayward staff in tough circumstances trying to do their muddled best for the company. Unfortunately for this narrative, selected members of group management were aware of the situation and appeared to have done nothing about it. This then begs the question: who knew what when?

Olsen may have been exonerated by the board on his departure but he was Lafarge’s Executive Vice-President of Operations for Lafarge in 2014. If he didn’t know what was going on in Syria during his watch then he wasn’t doing his job properly or it was being hidden from him. The head of Lafarge itself at the time, Bruno Lafont, might also have been a viable target for discipline but he decided to stand down from the board of LafargeHolcim in early April 2017. No doubt other former members of the Lafarge management team may bear more responsibility. LafargeHolcim’s implementation of its remedial measures may turn up more culprits, as may the on-going criminal complaints process continues in France.

French newspaper Le Monde, the newspaper that originally broke the story, is probably on the money with its assessment that Olsen’s departure is actually the continuation of the boardroom battle between the board and its shareholders that has raged since before Lafarge and Holcim formally merged. Bruno Lafont was originally lined up to become the CEO of the new company until Lafarge’s worsening financial position compared to Holcim’s prompted a backlash from Holcim shareholders. Le Monde describes how LafargeHolcim’s shareholders include four prominent billionaires: Switzerland’s Thomas Schmidheiny, Belgium’s Albert Frère, Canada’s Paul Desmarais and Egypt’s Nassef Sawiris. Schmidheiny, readers may remember, was one of the principal actors who sunk Lafont’s bid to be CEO back in early 2015.

Placed in this context, Olsen’s departure might seem forced, especially if he had no connection to the debacle in Syria. LafargeHolcim has faced a tough couple of years following its formation with consistently falling sales revenue. Asset divestments and cuts have been the cure as the group struggled to find its new size. Yet, the group saw its adjusted operating earning before interest, taxation, depreciation and amortisation (EBITDA) start to rise in 2016 suggesting that the remedial action was starting to work. LafargeHolcim’s management and shareholders will be acutely aware of its performance so far in 2017 ahead of the public release of its first quarter results in early May 2017. Under these circumstances it seems unlikely that serenity will be restored to the upper echelons of LafargeHolcim any time soon.

Switzerland: Eric Olsen, the chief executive officer (CEO) of LafargeHolcim, has resigned from the company following the completion of a review into a conduct of a cement plant in Syria. An independent internal investigation concluded that the a number of measures taken to continue safe operations at the plant were ‘unacceptable’ and ‘significant’ errors of judgement were made that contravened the applicable code of conduct. Although Olsen was not found personally culpable or even aware of the misconduct by the board of directors he has resigned to draw a line under the affair.

The review examined allegations that company personnel had struck deals with armed groups and sanctioned parties during 2013 until the plant closed in September 2014. The findings also confirmed that selected members of group management were aware of the situation. Remedial measures announced in March 2017 will be taken including: the adoption of a more rigorous risk assessment process focusing on high risk third parties; introduction of a restricted party screening program and a new sanctions and export control program; as well as continuation of other efforts from an external benchmarking exercise. Eric Olsen and his executive management team will implement the remedial measures supported by the Ethics, Integrity & Risk Committee.

“Although I appreciate that those responsible for the Syrian operations appear to have acted in a manner they believed was in the best interests of the company and its employees, there can be no compromise when it comes to compliance rules and adherence to the standards set out in the company’s code of conduct, no matter what the operational challenges are. We are absolutely committed to ensuring that events like those that occurred in Syria must never happen again at LafargeHolcim,” said Beat Hess, chairman of the board of LafargeHolcim.

Olsen will leave LafargeHolcim on 15 July 2017. Hess will become interim CEO whilst a replacement is found. Roland Köhler, currently an executive committee member with responsibility for Europe, Australia/New Zealand and Trading, will be appointed chief operating officer.

Syria: LafargeHolcim has accepted that its conduct at a cement plant in Syria in 2013 and 2014 was ‘unacceptable.’ An internal investigation by the group into Lafarge’s behaviour has reported that staff committed ‘significant errors in judgment.’ The probe, supervised of the Finance and Audit Committee of the Board, was started in response to media allegations in 2016 that legacy Lafarge operations had engaged in dealings with armed groups and with sanctioned parties during 2013 until the plant was ultimately evacuated in September 2014.

The investigation has found that the Lafarge subsidiary appears to have provided funds to third parties to work out arrangements with a number of armed groups, including sanctioned parties, in order to maintain operations and ensure safe passage of employees and supplies to and from the plant. The investigation could not establish with certainty the ultimate recipients of funds beyond those third parties engaged. However, LafargeHolcim says that it believes its staff acted in a manner they believed was in the best interests of the company and its employees.

Following the review, the board has approved the creation of a new Ethics, Integrity & Risk committee, supervised by a member of the Executive Committee. The group will also adopt a more rigorous risk assessment process focusing in particular on high risk third parties and joint venture partners, a restricted party screening program, a new sanctions and export control program and further efforts resulting from a benchmarking exercise it has undertaken.

Finally, LafargeHolcim does not believe that its culpability poses any financial impact to its business. It says that its operations in Syria operated at a loss during the time period in question and represented less than 1% of the group’s sales at the time.

Iran: The Ministry of Roads & Urban Development Iran has agreed to purchase 2Mt of cement from local producers. Iran's Bank Maskan, also known as the Housing Bank, will finance the road building plan and the cement producers will receive the money in cash, according to Abdolreza Sheikhan, secretary of Iran's Cement Industry Employers Association. He added, in comments to the Tasnim news agency, that he hoped the money will ease stagnation in the Iranian cement industry. Sheikhan also commented on plans to export cement to Syria and talks to remove a ban of imports of Iranian cement in Iraq.

France: The French government has confirmed that it is investigating Lafarge over alleged illegal activities in Syria following European Union (EU) sanctions that were imposed in 2012. The Paris prosecutor's office said that a probe was opened in October 2016 after the French Ministry of Economy and Finance filed a complaint against the cement producer, according to the Associated Press. LafargeHolcim, the company formed from a merger between Lafarge and Holcim in 2015, said that it was, “in the process of establishing the facts concerning our activities in Syria.”

A group led by the non-government organisation (NGO) Sherpa filed a complaint in Paris against Lafarge for allegedly ‘financing terrorism’ in November 2016. The complaint accused it of maintaining commercial relations with the Islamic State group in Syria in 2013 and 2014 so it could continue operating a cement plant in the country.

At the time, Lafarge denied ‘financing so-called terrorist groups.’ The company said it had launched a ‘thorough and independent investigation’ into the allegations to determine whether its internal code of conduct had been properly followed and if procedures needed to be adapted. It said it would implement ‘any remediation measures required.’