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In April 2016 the shareholders of BP voted against a pay package of US$20m for the company's chief executive officer (CEO) Bob Dudley. The vote was non-binding to BP but it clearly sent a message to the management. Subsequently, the chairman Carl-Henric Svanberg acknowledged the mood amongst the company's investors and stated in his speech at the annual general meeting that, "We hear you. We will sit down with our largest shareholders to make sure we understand their concerns and return to seek your support for a renewed policy."

The link to the cement industry here is that many of the world's major cement producers are public companies. Similar to BP they internally set CEO and leading executive pay and remuneration packages. Just like BP, cement companies too could run into similar complaints from their shareholders, for example, should the construction and cement markets have similar jolts that the oil industry has faced since mid-2014.

To be clear: this article is not attempting to pass judgement on how much these CEOs are being compensated. It is merely seeing how compensation compares amongst a selection of leading cement companies. LafargeHolcim's revenue in 2015 was greater than the gross domestic product of over 90 countries. Running companies of this size is a demanding job. What is interesting here is how it compares and what happens when it is perceived to have grown too high, as in the case of BP.

It should also be noted that this is an extremely rough comparison of the way CEO pay and wage bills for large companies are presented. For example, the CEO total salary includes incentives, shares and pension payments. The staff wage bills includes pension payments, social charges and suchlike.

Graph 1: Comparison of CEO total remuneration from selected cement companies in 2015. Source: Company annual reports. 

There isn't a great deal to comment here except that compared to the average wage these are high from a rank-and-file worker perspective! The total salary for Eric Olsen, the CEO of LafargeHolcim, is lower than HeidelbergCement and Italcementi, which seems odd given that LafargeHolcim is the bigger company. However, Olsen has only been in-post since mid-2015. By contrast, Bernd Scheifele became the chairman of the managing board of HeidelbergCement in 2005. Carlo Pesenti, CEO of Italcementi and part of the controlling family, took over in 2004. Albert Manifold, CEO of CRH, also sticks out with a relatively (!) low salary given the high revenue of the company.

Graph 2: Comparison of CEO remuneration to average staff cost and total company revenue in 2015. Source: Company annual reports. 

This starts to become more interesting. HeidelbergCement's higher CEO/staff and CEO/revenue ratios might be explained by Scheifele's longer tenure. Yet Italcementi definitely sticks out with a much higher CEO wage compared to both the average staff wage and the company's revenue. Again, CRH stands out with a much lower CEO/staff ratio. Dangote's CEO/staff ratio is low but its CEO/revenue ratio is in line with the other companies' figures.

Consider the figures for China Resources and this suggests that CEO/revenue ratio may be more important than the CEO/staff ratio. The implication being that the market will only tolerate a ratio of up to about 0.05%. Any higher and the CEO's family has to own the company. Which, of course, is the case with Carlo Pesenti and Italcementi. Until HeidelbergCement takes over later in 2016 that is.

That’s as far as this rough little study of CEO remuneration at cement companies will go. So, next time anybody reading this article from a cement company asks for a pay rise, consider how much your CEO is receiving.

Kenya: Central Bank of Kenya (CBK) deputy governor Sheila M’Mbijiwe is seeking re-election to the board of LafargeHolcim majority-owned Bamburi Cement. A notice sent to shareholders stated that the CBK senior executive will be seeking a new mandate when the company holds its 65th annual general meeting on 2 June 2016 in Mombasa. The 58-year-old senior CBK executive, who also sits on the regulator’s Monetary Policy Committee, was set to retire by rotation but is seeking to retain the seat.

Others seeking re-election are Daniel Patterson and D Drouet who are also retiring by rotation but are eligible to seek to be elected again.

Ireland: Even as it adjusts to its mammoth Euro6.5bn 2015 acquisition of LafargeHolcim’s divestments, Irish group CRH is reported to be mulling the purchase of US and Belgian cement assets, which HeidelbergCement may have to sell as a consequence of its acquisition of Italcementi. In Belgium HeidelbergCement and Italcementi have 4.5Mt/yr out of a total of 6.2Mt/yr of integrated cement capacity. In the US they share around 16.4Mt/yr out of 115Mt/yr.

Chief executive Albert Manifold told analysts that the group is focused on cutting back on its debt levels and is likely to look at assets should HeidelbergCement be forced to sell. "US cement is of interest to us and we're fully aware of the asset that may spin out of the potential acquisition," he said. "With regards to Belgium, it's a prime asset and certainly it would make a good fit with our businesses, providing the value is right."

CRH is also currently linked with a possible US$1.5bn acquisition of LafargeHolcim’s Indian cement businesses. The apparent enthusiasm CRH has with respect to expand is at odds with the majority of major players in the cement sector, many of which are going through periods of transition or are struggling with debt. "I'm always interested to open the paper and see what businesses we're bidding on,” added Manifold. “People are trying to talk up competition on deals. We're probably in 10% of the stuff we're associated with."

CRH’s earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation (EBITDA) grew to almost Euro1bn following a ‘positive trading backdrop’ in its main markets in the first three months of the 2016.

Germany: HeidelbergCement has announced its results for the first quarter of 2016. While its revenue was completely flat at Euro2.8bn, cement volumes rose from 16.8Mt in the first quarter of 2015 to 17.6Mt in the first quarter of 2016. However, the group maintained an operating loss of Euro72m, albeit a significant improvement on the Euro123m lost a year earlier. HeidelbergCement’s net debt was down by Euro237m to Euro5.9bn.

The group highlighted improving demand in the US as among the reasons for its improved performance. Cement volumes increased by 6% year-on-year in each of the two years to March 2016. Revenue in the US and Canada was Euro714m, a rise of 14.6% year-on-year. Net income for the region was Euro24m, a turnaround from a loss of Euro18m in the first quarter of 2015.

In Western Europe, positive cement sales trends were led by Germany and the UK, with the Netherlands and Belgium also contributing well. Cement sales in the region were up by 3.1% year-on-year for the quarter to a total of 3.4Mt. Volumes were also up in Scandinavia (1.7% year-on-year), Eastern Europe (6.6%) and in the group’s Central Asia, Russia and Ukraine region (0.7%).

In Western and Southern Europe revenue was down by 2.1% to Euro683m. The region, however, saw a loss of Euro8m for the quarter. Cement sales revenue improved by 1.8% to Euro290m, against a backdrop of falling aggregates, ready mix and asphalt revenues.

In North and Eastern Europe and Central Asia, cement volumes were 2.9% up year-on-year to 3.9Mt. Revenue for the region was Euro420m, a rise of 9.7% year-on-year, with cement revenues up nearly 7% to Euro225m. The group’s net loss in this region increased marginally, to Euro28m from Euro25m a year earlier.

In the group’s Asia-Pacific region, Indonesia saw better market conditions, driven by the arrival of new infrastructure works. India saw moderate increases in volume and Australia also improved. China saw lower prices and sales volumes. The total volume of cement sold in the region during the quarter was 5.8Mt and the region’s revenue was Euro637m. This generated a profit of Euro120m, a 18.8% decline on the preceding year’s profit of Euro148m.

In Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean Basin cement volumes were virtually flat at 1.9Mt. Total revenue was slightly down from Euro252m in 2015 to Euro240m in the three months to March 2016. Revenues from cement-based operations were down by 8.7% to Euro177m.

Excluding exchange rate and consolidation effects, HeidelbergCement now expects a moderate increase in revenue and a high single to double digit increase in operating income and before non-recurring effects profit for the financial year. The company also expects increases in sales volumes of cement, aggregates and ready-mixed concrete.

US: Mexico’s Cemex has agreed to sell a raft of assets in the US in a US$400m divestment to pay down the company's debt. The assets include the Lyons cement plant in Colorado, the Odessa cement plant in Texas, three terminals in Texas and building materials businesses in Texas and New Mexico.

The assets will be purchased by Mexican rival Grupo Cementos de Chihuahua (GCC), which already has three integrated cement plants in the south and central United States. The acquisition, due to be completed by the end of 2016, will increase GCC’s cement capacity in the US by 1Mt/yr to around 5.6Mt/yr.

Cemex is expected to sell up to US$1.5bn worth of assets during the course of 2016 and 2017. It is still reeling from debt that it took on from its 2007 acquisition of Australian rival Rinker, which came directly before the onset of the global economic downturn.

India: India's upper house of Parliament has approved changes to the country's mining law to make it easier to sell mining rights, a move that could spur acquisitions in the cement and mining sectors.

Lawmakers approved the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) (Amendment) Bill, allowing the transfer of mining rights by companies that received them through a government allocation. The bill was cleared by the lower house of Parliament in March 2016 and now needs to be signed off by the President to become law.

In the past, mining rights had either been distributed to companies through government auctions or through individual allocations, a method that raised questions about arbitrariness in decision-making.

In 2015 the government implemented a new law that made it mandatory to auction mining rights. It also permitted the transfer of mining rights previously won through auction, but was silent on whether rights received through a government allocation for captive uses could be sold.

The latest rule provides clarity and could help speed up proposed merger deals such as UltraTech Cement’s planned takeover of Jaypee Group's cement plants and LafargeHolcim's plan to sell two cement units to Birla Corp.

UAE: India's JK Cement has revealed that its plant in Fujairah, UAE is due to reach full production capacity by 2017. At full capacity the plant will be able to produce 0.6Mt/yr of cement.

The plant is unusual in that it can produce both grey and white cement from the same kiln. The expansion of the UAE plant's production capacity is in line with increased demand for white cement in the Middle East, according to JK Cement’s Ajay Mathur.

Kenya: The UK-based development financier CDC is set to acquire a 40% stake in ARM Cement, after the firm injected US$140m into the family-owned Kenyan cement manufacturer.

The CDC funds will allow ARM to retire expensive short-term loans that have been weighing down the company’s earnings. The CDC is owned by the UK’s Department for International Development.

“We are proud to back a founder-led frontrunner in East African manufacturing,” said Mark Pay, CDC’s managing director for equity investments. “This investment will strengthen a company (that is) making a difference to the local economy, bringing jobs and lower-cost raw materials to a region traditionally dependent on imports.”

Nigeria: Lafarge Africa is marketing a US$302m bond to refinance some of the US Dollar-denominated debt held by its subsidiary United Company of Nigeria (UNICEM), which it bought in 2015. Chief finance officer Anders Kristiansson said that there was strong interest for the bond and that book-building was expected to open in the second week of May 2016.

The cement maker said it had received approval from Nigeria's Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for a US$500m bond, but will issue US$302m for five-years. "We are in the process of restructuring the UNICEM debt,” explained Kristiansson. "We want to refinance the US Dollar borrowings that we have in UNICEM."

Nigeria: The Cement Company Of Northern Nigeria (CCNN) has reported a net revenue of US$17.9m for the first quarter of 2016, compared to US$22.2m in the same period a year earlier. This represents a 19% decrease year-on-year. CCNN’s profit before income tax dropped more dramatically, falling by 61% to US$1.79m from US$4.67m.